Analysis of South Africa Essay - 1329 Words

Introduction The country selected is South Africa. It is the country of choice because I want to visit the African Continent someday. I am also part African American and want to learn more about the African culture. Location/Geography South Africa is located on the southern tip of Africa. The country has a coastline along the Atlantic and Indian oceans, which makes the country known for its fishery. There are several African countries that border South Africa. The countries include Lesotho, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland (Republic of South Africa, 2013, geography and climate). The climate of South Africa is subtropical and consists of grasslands, forests, deserts, mountain, beaches, and coastal wetlands (Republic†¦show more content†¦Economy In 2011, South Africa’s gross national income per capita was 10,710 U.S currencies. The country spent a total expenditure on health per capita of 942 U.S dollars in the year 2011. The total expenditure on health of gross domestic product was 8.5% (WHO, 2013). The United States exports 7.3 billion U.S. dollars’ of goods to South Africa in 2011. The top exports included vehicles, gold, oil, electrical machinery, wheat, dairy product s, poultry meat, and vegetable oil. South Africa exported 9.5 billion U.S. dollars’ worth of products to the United States. Some of the top categories of the U.S. imports were platinum, diamonds, iron and steel, fresh fruit, tree nuts, and wine and beer (USTR, 2013). State of Health Disease is one of the primary concerns in South Africa today. The distribution of disease can be divided into three categories. Communicable disease accounts for 60.5%, non-intentional injuries 11.2% and non-communicable for 28.4% of the distribution of disease (WHO, 2010, South Africa: health statistics profile 2010). The leading causes of disease in South Africa are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, violence, and road accidents (WHO, 2010, health statistics profile 2010).HIV/AIDS has the highest cause of disease by accounting for 40.7% of the diseased population. Tuberculosis follows afterwards with 5.4%, violence at 4.8%, and road traffic accident at 2.6% (WHO, 2010, healthShow MoreRelatedSouth Africa Pest Analysis1602 Words   |  7 PagesSOUTH AFRICA HISTORY In the history of South Africa, the earliest known settlers of the country were the San and Khoekhoe people, collectively known as Khoisan. They were two distinct cultural groups. The first Europeans to arrive in South Africa were the Portuguese Seafarers who initiated the sea route to India in 1488. They were soon followed by other Europeans since the late 16 th century In 1815, the British took permanent control of the Cape colony and brought in more settlers In 1910 SouthRead MoreComparative Analysis of South Africa and Nigeria1374 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOUTH AFICA AND NIGERIA Africa is the second largest continent with vast resources and inhabits more than 12 percent of the world’s population. Although we know that the continent has plenty of resources, Africa remains the world’s poorest and most undeveloped continent. [1]Poverty is widespread, there is a great threat of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Politically, I would say that the country is unstable as there were civil and liberationRead MoreAnalysis of the Retail Industry in South Africa4463 Words   |  18 PagesMARKET ANALYSIS FOR THE RETAIL INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA Contents Page Executive Summary 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Retail industry in South Africa 5 3. 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Analysis External Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2.1 Political Forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2.2 Economical Forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Read MoreA Merchandise Management Analysis of Spar Supermarkets in Stellenbosch, South Africa7070 Words   |  29 Pageshave a generic format so that consumers who are under time pressure can easily make their purchase. This relates to Spar in that the store layout must be placed, with the consumers expectations of where items should be, in mind. 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Foreign Policy Analysis: 1. Introduction: Foreign policy involves the goals, strategies, measures, understanding, agreements, directives and rules in which national governments conduct international relations with each other as well as international organisations and non-governmental actors. South Africa s post-apartheid foreign policy vision has become prosperous, peaceful, democratic, non-racial, non-sexist and united which contributes to the world that is equitable. This essay will

How Has Attachment Theory Been Used to Account for Differences in the Development of Social Relationships free essay sample

This assignment considers the answers to many fundamental questions. For example: What is it that differentiates the way in which individuals conduct social relationships; Why does one person behave differently to another; Is it fair to suggest that development through childhood plays a role in this; Is there a theory that can account for these differences? One theory that has attempted to address some of these questions is attachment theory. This assignment will therefore look at attachment theory from its beginnings and the key figures that are involved in shaping the theory. It will attempt to analyse any contradictions of the theory and look at the way in which attachment theory may influence a child’s development and behaviours, development through to adulthood and the ability for adults to conduct social relationships. Attachment theory is a psychological theory which investigates the bond between individuals; it in effect refers primarily to the relationship and bond between a baby and their primary caregiver. We will write a custom essay sample on How Has Attachment Theory Been Used to Account for Differences in the Development of Social Relationships? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Early attachment research was conducted through experiments with animals. Dependency on a presence of another being as an infant is essential to survival within all species. As Psychoanalyst Winnicott (1964: p. 88) observed â€Å"there is no such thing as a baby†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦if you set out to describe a baby, you will find you are describing a baby and someone. A baby cannot exist alone, but is essentially part of a relationship†. This occurrence of dependency is not unique to human beings. Harlow (1958) conducted studies with macaque monkeys which observed infant monkeys separated from their birth mothers who had then been reared in isolation cages. After placing objects in the cages, in the form of a wire mesh cone which had a n attachment of a food source and a cloth cone, it was observed that â€Å"the infant monkeys overwhelmingly preferred to cling to the cloth mother†¦.. in spite of the fact that the only the wire mother was their source of food† (Oates, Lewis et al. p. 19). The results of the studies conducted contradicted the behaviourist framework. In summary, the behaviourist framework would suggest that the monkey should form the bond or attachment with the object which provides food, where the food is the primary reinforcer and the object the secondary reinforcer. Influenced by Harlows’ work, Bowlby (1969, p. 194) considered the importance of an infants’ relationship with its primary caregiver. This perspective therefore led him to become a founder of attachment theory. Bowlby (1969) defined attachment as a â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†. Bowlby (1969) in essence believed that attachment styles were developed during childhood predominantly through the relationship between the child and the primary caregiver and that these attachment styles would influence the individual throughout adulthood. Bowlby (1969) did not believe that only one attachment could be formed or indeed that a single attachment could be described to be the most beneficial. Instead he suggested that objects could be used and be helpful in aiding development of individuals. According to attachment theory, throughout childhood and after repeated experiences, a system of thoughts, memories, beliefs, emotions, expectations and behaviours of oneself and others are formed, thus an Internal Working Model (IWM) was developed. IWM helps â€Å"individuals predict and understand their environment, engage in survival promoting behaviors such as proximity maintenance, and establish a psychological sense of felt security† (Bretherton, 1985; Sroufe Waters, 1977). Bowlby (1969) has been somewhat criticised by some for his work with attachment theory and there are arguments for and against this work. It is suggested that there was political motivation behind Bowlby’s (1969) initial research and a motivation to drive mothers back to being the primary caregiver. An additional factor to consider is that Bowlby (1969) suggests that the initiation for the need of attachment comes from the child. It could be argued however, that if this were the case, would parents ever leave their children alone? However, there is further research that supports this attachment theory such as discussed earlier where it has been shown that there are strong links between primary caregivers and other species. In addition, studies such as the strange situations study have shown that young children can find separation from their primary caregiver as threatening. The strange situations study considered identifying infant attachment types through controlled observation of infants. Another influential theorist in attachment was Ainsworth et. l (1978). She developed the notion of ‘strange situation’, to incorporate an observational study developed to measure the type of attachment that a child had formed. The children observed were aged between 12-18 months and the study consisted of eight episodes. The episodes were as follows: †¢ Mother (or primary caregiver) enters room with child, child explores and settles at which point stranger enters †¢ Stranger talks to mother and then subsequently talks or plays with child †¢ Mother leaves the room Stranger stays and attempts to interact with child †¢ Mother returns and the stranger leaves. †¢ Mother leaves again †¢ Stranger returns and continues to attempt to interact with child †¢ Mother returns and stranger leaves. (Oates, Lewis et al, 2005) From the results of the observation, Ainsworth concluded that there were three main types of classifications of infants.

Medical terminology errors

Introduction Medical terminology errors are a key instrumental tool to many hospital mistakes which affect the health of people and can even lead to loss of lives. More than 400,000 people die every year in America. The deaths are caused by a number of reasons of which the medical errors are inclusive. Using of medical terms that are similar and wrong abbreviations are some of the medical terminology errors.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Medical terminology errors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning medical terminology is not that easy. It can be equated with learning new that is not easy to grasp. In most cases, the use of incorrect medical terminology is inevitable to many users (Bardelli, para. 1). Errors in the use of medical terminologies can be attributed to the construction of the medical terms. Notably, these terms have a root word and a prefix. In some instances, the term may include t wo prefixes. Some of the prefixes used include Epi. This refers to â€Å"above†. The other one is Hypo, which refers to â€Å"below†. Endo is a preface that refers to â€Å"inside†. These prefixes are used with the word â€Å"gastric† to refer to various parts of the stomach. Any confusion in these terminologies can lead to incorrect medical prescription. This is very risky as in, if the medical health care worker writes down that the surgery is to be performed epigastric instead of hypogastric it means that the patient will be attended wrongly by receiving a surgery on the wrong part of the stomach (Bardelli, para. 2). While charting, nurses write down the problems with a care plan for residents, descriptions of interventions in the care plan noting if they are effective and the progress made by the resident which is a care plan’s goal oriented. Errors made in charting are not erasable and cannot be corrected. Various aspects such as incorrect med ical terms, misspelling, wrong abbreviations and other mistakes related to medical terminology are very common. This language of medical terminology may also be confusing when two words, which have a completely different meaning, appear and sound the same. Such words include dysphasia and dysphagia. These two words and the other words that resemble them may lead to confusions in medication hence a threat to the health of patients (Bardelli, para. 3). Using wrong medical abbreviations The use of abbreviations is sometimes vital as it breaks the lengthy terms of medical terminology hence making the work of doctors and nurse easier and quick.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, abbreviations are very instrumental for many mistakes made in healthcare centers. They cause dangerous misinterpretations. Ambiguous abbreviations should not be used especially when th ere is a better alternative. For example, AD means right ear, and AU means both ears. A slight confusion may lead to performing an operation or procedure on the wrong side of the body (Bardelli, para. 4). Wrong abbreviations may also lead to wrong prescriptions, which may include; Wrong prescriptions may include; wrong dosages, lack of instructions and poor monitoring of patients in consuming dangerous drugs. A prescription is required by doctors and nurses. There are incidences in which wrong prescriptions have been given by doctors due to errors while writing the medical terminologies. Conclusion It is advisable for one to ask questions while receiving or giving medication, especially when it is time for surgery. Not only by using a policy that rejects the use of words, misspells, abbreviations and other errors, enhancement of proper information dissemination and health care education should be encouraged to the health care workers. Works Cited Bardelli, Rebecca. Does Medical Term inology Contribute to Hospital Mistakes? 2011. Web. This critical writing on Medical terminology errors was written and submitted by user Lea Rollins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Essays

Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Essays Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Paper Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Paper In Johnny Cash’s book, Cash, he describes his addition to prescription pills. It was scary to read that his addition started at such a young age, with the morphine he was given to relieve pain. His trail of thoughts ended up in thinking that this is the best thing ever. My reaction to this is rather sad and confused. Not everyone who takes morphine for pain sinks into this trail of thought. I am left wondering if this was just something in his mind, something that made him think it was more pleasurable than other people. That frame of mind seems to be what lead to the addiction. Johnny Cash seem to be ok with what he was doing, not realizing the damages he had on his family. He’d neglect his daughters and then his wife. He was being so rude just doing whatever he wanted and not really listening to those that cared for him the most. I kept thinking, if you weren’t even going to listen to the people who care about you the most, whom would he ever listen to? It would be hard to try to tell someone not to do something to himself, and just see him doing it anyway. As the time went on, it seemed that Johnny Cash didn’t realize how self-destructive he was. He wouldn’t listen to those around him and assumed he could handle it, he basically showed some weak character traits based on how he would ignore or excuse his behavior. I was amazed he could so smugly just walk away from a fire just to go fishing, not even bothering trying to put it out or tell anyone so they could put it out. He just let it all burn away without caring, and pathetically didn’t care. His family suffered with a lack of Johnny Cash being around. They wanted his attention and he ignored those pleas. I felt worried through the story or them, like I expected him to eventually listen to them. They worried and tried hard to stick by him, even when he was pushing them away. It seemed like he didn’t care. The pills were more important. It didn’t seem like he was in control at all of his emotions or had any control over how many he took. It was this destructive attitude that hurt the most to his family and caused some lasting damages. As the story progressed, and he did more dangerous things and kept getting wilder, it became clear how out of control he was. His attitude toward life and those around him were sickening. With so many people watching him, one would assume he would change his mind about what he was doing. It started to sound like it wasn’t fun any more to him to take the pills, but he kept doing it, which is rather confusing. It really seemed like it was his own inner spiritual awakening, which it was inside himself that was what he needed to see what he was doing. I think it proved the only real way to beat addition is something inside you. The outside influence of his family helped in the long run in a minor way, but it took a lot to shake the idea of what he was doing was ok. So it was some switch inside of people that might be what changes people. The destruction he did to his family is scary, though, and something no one should go through. Johnny Cash’s addiction deeply impacted his family and nearly destroyed the relationships he had created with them. To do that to your family just shows you wouldn’t care about them at all, and think about yourself the most. References Carr, P. , Cash, J. (1998) Cash: The Autobiography. 1998. HarperCollins.

The Holocaust and Los Desaparecidos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Holocaust and Los Desaparecidos - Essay Example In the case of Hitler, it is clear that he was responsible for the Holocaust. However, it is difficult to name the culprit for Los Desaparecidos because there are several people involved. Politically, Leopoldo Galtieri was the last president of Argentina during 1981-82 when Los Desaparecidos was active. This was the time when he ill-advisedly annexed the Falkland Islands and resigned subsequently when the British retook Falkland Islands through military action. However, he supported the coup to overthrow Isabel Peron in 1976, and steadily rose up in the military ranks ultimately becoming the Commander-in-Chief (Leopoldo Galtieri). Hitler was responsible for the extermination of six million Jews, an unparalleled action in history. He caused the deaths and mayhem of millions more in Germany and in the rest of the world. Los Desaparecidos may not equal Hitler in this regard. But Argentina had its share of horrors involving thousands of left-wing dissidents in the "dirty war" as the 1976-83 conflict came to be known. Hitler was repressive with his own people. Thousands disappeared in Argentina between 1976 and 1982. Some quote the figure as up to 30,000 people who disappeared. What happened to them There are chilling accounts of young dissidents being thrown from helicopters into rivers Certainly there are glaring differe... What happened to them There are chilling accounts of young dissidents being thrown from helicopters into rivers Certainly there are glaring differences. Hitler set the stage to conquer Europe. The dictator who ruled Argentina then, Leopoldo Galtieri, tried similar tactic when he closed the borders with Chile over a dispute involving two islands below the southern tip of South America, and annexed the Falklands Islands from the British Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in Braunau-am-Inn, Austria. Leopoldo Galtieri was born into a working class family of Italian immigrants in Buenos Aires in 1926. Hitler served in the German army during the First World War. Galtieri was not born when World War I was fought. Hitler conquered Poland, Austria, Belgium, France, and Holland in quick succession. Galtieri had no such vision. He only closed the doors on Chile over two disputed islands (Isobel Hilton). Galtieri's military was not advanced enough for conquests. The Falkland War exposed the wide chinks in the Argentine army's armor. Hitler grew up with a poor record at school and left, before completing his tuition, with an ambition to become an artist. He continued to have troubled times as a youth and grew up hating the Jews, the Marxists, liberalism and the cosmopolitan Habsburg monarchy. Believing that fate had chosen him to avenge the humiliation of defeat by Germany in World War I, he founded the Nazi party and single-mindedly rose through its ranks using intrigue and fascinating promises to his countrymen to become the Chancellor of Germany (Adolf Hitler). Galtieri joined the Argentine military academy at 17 and graduated as an officer in 1949 from the United States School of the Americas in Panama. He drew praises from United States

Landmark Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Landmark - Case Study Example The difficulty of this issue is illustrated in the aforementioned case where Article 3 of the HRA was invoked. According to Article 3 of the HRA, "[s]o far as possible to do so, primary legislations and secondary legislation should be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with Convention rights" (HRA 1998, Art 3), referring to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. By virtue of this provision, the conventional manner that statutory interpretation under the act, is therefore challenged, such that instead of giving effect to the intention of the legislators, which enacted particular statutes; statutory interpretation must now proceed in a manner that gives effect to the original intent of those who crafted the HRA provision. This shift away from the conventional procedure, therefore leads judges to stray in the grey area between judicial interpretation and law making, which endangers them of judicial vandalism and usurpation Parliament's will. ... In Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004], the House of Lords dismissed an appeal by Ahmad Ghaidan to overturn a previous decision of the Court of Appeal; which named Juan Godin-Mendoza as successor to the tenancy of the flat Godin-Mendoza lived in until the death of his partner of the same sex by interpreting the words "as his or her wife or husband" under the Rent Act 1977 to mean "as if they were his wife or husband" by virtue of Art 3 of the HRA (Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004], para. 51). The decision to dismiss the appeal was arrived at, by virtue of the judges' interpretation of Article 3 of the HRA, which was deemed appropriate in this case, with one dissenting opinion from Lord Millet (para. 102). Based on the given case, Lord Nicholls (para. 4) identified the relevant statutory provisions as paragraphs 2 and 3 of schedule 1 to the Rent Act 1977: 21. The surviving spouse (if any) of the original tenant, if residing in the dwelling-house immediately before the death of the original tenant, shall after the death be the statutory tenant if and so long as he or she occupies the dwelling-house as his or her residence. 22. For the purposes of this paragraph, a person who was living with the original tenant as his or her wife or husband shall be treated as the spouse of the original tenant. 31. Where paragraph 2 above does not apply, but a person who was a member of the original tenant's family was residing with him in the dwelling-house at the time of and for the period of 2 years immediately before his death then, after his death, that person or if there is more than one such person such one of them as may be decided by agreement, or in default of agreement by

Types of Grafts in Dentistry

Types of Grafts in Dentistry TYPES OF GRAFTS: Osseointegrated implants can be combined with the following types of graft: inlay, saddle, veneer, onlay (partial or full arch), and maxillary sinus grafts. (Triplett Schow, 1996) The mucoperiosteal flap should be designed to adequately expose the underlying residual ridge, maintain a broad base for vascular support, and allow tension-free primary closure. A midcrestal incision is usually preferred because it maximizes the vascularity to the margins of the mucoperiosteal flaps and minimizes ischemia created by the vasculature traversing dense, keratinized tissue at the crest of the ridge. Labial vertical releasing incisions are made as needed to improve access. All grafts must be well adapted to the recipient site with no or minimal space betveenbetween graft and residual bone. Hence, usually graft shaping and adaptation is unavoidable. The gGraft is positioned to its best adaptation to the underlying alveolus. A good fixation with titanium screws must be achieved to prevent the graft movement. Any movement of the graft increases the chance of soft tissues ingrowth between the graft and the recipient site, and thus the failure of the graft is likely. All voids or defects should be filled with particulate cancellous bone and marrow to provide good contour and eliminate dead space. A primary, tension-free closure must be achieved to prevent wound breakdown and graft exposure. A barrier membrane and filler graft may be used, if desired. Inlay Grafts Small osseous defects at the alveolar crest can be inlaid with an autologous graft to restore the contour and volume of bone necessary to place an the implant and allow for a proper emergence profile. The defect is usually exposed through a crestal incision that is extended around the necks of one or two adjacent teeth on either side of the defect. A vertical releasing incision is made if necessary. A barrier membrane may be used to protect these areas during healing. Saddle Graft Indicated where both horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation[S1], this type of graft is also of considerable value. Aautogenous bone stabilized with rigid fixation to restore anatomic height and width is an excellent solution to this problem. A saddle of bone is obtained from the anterior-inferior border of the mandible (ipsilateral site) and secured in position from the buccal or crestal aspect with 1.5mm titanium screws with a minimum of 2 screws to achieve stable graft fixation. Veneer Graft A veneer graft is preferred where there is only a horizontal bone defect of less than 4 mm. T Onlay Graft The design of onlay grafts can be segmental or arch in shape. Both the height and width of an atrophic ridge can be achieved with onlay grafts. Following Iindications include the following[S2]: inadequate residual alveolar ridge height and width to support a functional prosthesis, contour defects that compromise implant support, function, or aesthetics, and segmental alveolar bone loss. - Procedures aimed at increasing the volume of attached mucosa (free soft tissue grafts, pedicle soft tissue grafts, and surgical extension of the vestibulum) have been recommended in areas of movable mucosa. 75,77,102–111 [S3](Esposito, Hirsch, Lekholm, Thomsen, 1999) There wasIt has also been also stated that cancellous grafts are more successful because of cortical plate (â€Å"Buchman 1999 Cancelous Bone stucture.pdf,† n.d.) Results: A pPositive correlation outcome was found between age and missing teeth found in both groups A and B in the applied multiple regression analysis (SPSS) Group A analysis for correlation between the patients age and number of teeth missing outcome: Correlations Patients age Number of Teeth Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .326** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 120 111 Number of Teeth Pearson Correlation .326** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 111 111 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Group B outcome: Correlations Patients age Number of Teeth Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .465** Sig. (2-tailed) .004 N 41 37 Number of Teeth Pearson Correlation .465** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .004 N 37 37 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A pPositive correlation was found between age and bone volume harvested in Group A. However, the correlation in Group B was non significant. Group A multiple regression analysis output: Correlations Patients age Bone graft volume Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .244** Sig. (2-tailed) .007 N 120 120 Bone graft volume Pearson Correlation .244** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .007 N 120 120 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Group B SPSS multiple regression analysis output: Correlations Patients age Bone graft volume Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .203 Sig. (2-tailed) .203 N 41 41 Bone graft volume Pearson Correlation .203 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .203 N 41 41 The distribution for harvested overall bone volumes was found to be normal in both groups A and B and a significant correlation was found between clinitianclinician A and clinitianclinician B and their harvested bone volumes. Distribution analysis output. Histogram: Multiple regression analysis output for ClinitianClinician A ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 9317266.326 1 9317266.326 31.994 .000b Residual 42518278.360 146 291221.085 Total 51835544.685 147 2 Regression 16022829.759 2 8011414.879 32.437 .000c Residual 35812714.927 145 246984.241 Total 51835544.685 147 a. Dependent Variable: Bone graft volume b. Predictors: (Constant), Number of Teeth c. Predictors: (Constant), Number of Teeth, Procedure Performer Association between a patient’s gender and performed clinicians A ands B found to be not statistically significant applying SPSS multiple regression analysis. The SPSS output for multiple regression analysis: Group Statistics Procedure Performer N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Patients age AP 41 38.85 11.599 1.811 SG 120 39.05 11.876 1.084 Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Procedure Performer * Patients Gender 161 100.0% 0 0.0% 161 100.0% Procedure Performer * Patients Gender Cross tabulation Patients Gender Total Male Female Procedure Performer AP Count 8 33 41 Expected Count 10.7 30.3 41.0 SG Count 34 86 120 Expected Count 31.3 88.7 120.0 Total Count 42 119 161 Expected Count 42.0 119.0 161.0 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1.233a 1 .267 Continuity Correctionb .818 1 .366 Likelihood Ratio 1.286 1 .257 Fishers Exact Test .309 .184 Linear-by-Linear Association 1.226 1 .268 N of Valid Cases 161 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 10.70. b. Computed only for a 22 table The Aassociation between a patient’s age and clinitiansclinicians A and B was also not statistically significant (â€Å"Reszults,† n.d.). P value was more than 0.05. So the hypothesis that there is no difference between patientspatient’s age and performed clinitianclinician A and B harvested bone volumes can not be rejected the hypothesis. Nominal variables (number of teeth) were not equally distributed. So, a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test was applied to test the hypothesishypostasis that there wasis no difference between the number of teeth missing and harvested bone volumes in group A and B. The hypothesis washypostasis rejected in Group A because the P value was less than 0.05. However, there was no difference in a Ggroup B (p value more than 0.05) Number of teeth and harvested bone volumes distribution for Group A Kruskal-Wallis hypothesis testing output: Ranks Number of Teeth N Mean Rank Bone graft volume One tooth 22 40.95 Two teeth 38 43.41 Three teeth 30 68.45 Four and more teeth 21 76.76 Total 111 Test Statisticsa,b Bone graft volume Chi-Square 23.851 df 3 Asymp. Sig. .000 a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Number of Teeth SPSS output for Kruskal-Wallis Test Group B: Ranks Number of Teeth N Mean Rank Bone graft volume One tooth 11 14.59 Two teeth 11 19.45 Three teeth 11 20.27 Four and more teeth 4 26.38 Total 37 Test Statisticsa,b Bone graft volume Chi-Square 3.855 df 3 Asymp. Sig. .278 a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Number of Teeth A bone volume’s distribution was tested by drawing a histogram to determent determine a parametric or non parametric test was needed to applyin order to test the hypothesis[S4]. The data was not equally distributed in both groups A and B. Hence, the non parametric Mann-Whitney test was applied to test the null hypothesis of if whether there is was no any difference in harvested bone volumes and the performance of theed clinicians. The P value was less than 0.05, so the null hypothesis was rejected and there is was a significant difference between cclinician A’s and clinician’s B performances. ClinitianClinician A and B harvested bone volumes distributions: Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Bone graft volume 161 1121.5017 622.04168 80.00 3380.00 Procedure Performer 161 1.75 .437 1 2 SPSS output Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Procedure Performer N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Bone graft volume AP 41 46.89 1922.50 SG 120 92.65 11118.50 Total 161 Test Statisticsa Bone graft volume Mann-Whitney U 1061.500 Wilcoxon W 1922.500 Z -5.427 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000 a. Grouping Variable: Procedure Performer Conclusions: A mandibular ramus donor site can provide sufficient autologous bone volume to restore dentoalveolar defects prior to dental implantation. PThe positive correlations were found between a patient’s age and missing teeth, between clinicians A and B and their harvested bone volumes, and between harvested bone volume and a patient’s age in a group A but this was not significant in Group B., Bbetween a patient’s age and gender in both groups A and B there was no significant correlation based on the multiple regression analysis outcome SPSS. To conclude, with thean increasinge in age there were a higher number of teeth missing in both groups A and B. Although, the diameter of bone reconstruction were was greater because of a more missing teeth, the harvested volumes were greater only in the Group A harvested by cClinician A (pis was a significant difference between clinicians A and B and their harvested bone graft volumes in Group A and B (pthe person who operatesor. In aAdditionally to mandibular, ascending ramus bone can be harvested at intraoral sites and can be considered incrementally to the performed procedure, [S5]such as the contralateral ramus site, chin, and maxillary tuberosity, where when greater bone volumes are required. Moreover, the bone materials can be also added too, increase the further if the bone volume is yet not yet sufficient. And finally, based on the literature review findings, the majority of iliac crest bone graft can be successfully replaced with ascending ramus bone grafts as the studies revealed that the harvested bone grafts are not significantly greater. The outcome of implant therapy has been summarized in several recent reviews (Cochran 1996, Esposito et al. 1998, Fritz 1996, Fiorellini et al. 1998, Gotfredsen 1999, Mericske-Stern 1999, Van Steenberge et al. 1999) and evaluations are often reported in success and survival rates. The interpretation of the results, however, relies on the concept that different investigators use similar criteria for implant success and survival. Variations in study design and study period, and an improper definition of the selection of patients are factors that may further affect the interpretation of the data. First, autologous bone grafts of various types to different locations can be successfully used to improve the ability to place endosseous implants. Complications that lead to failure can be minimized with experience and adherence to the basic surgical principles of rigid fixation and tension-free primary closure of the soft tissue flaps. Second, most of the grafting failures are associated with infection or exposure of the graft to the oral cavity because of mucosal flap dehiscence. Early loading of grafts with a transitional prosthesis is also a potential cause of graft compromise or failure. Third, the successful placement of endosseous implants in autologous grafts is more predictable when they are placed secondarily after bone graft consolidation; and. fFourth, whether placed immediately with the bone graft, or secondarily, failure of individual implants does not imply failure of the bone graft. Frenuloplasty, Frenectomy, Vestibuloplasty Technique (Liposky, 1983) oOr Mandibular Anterior Ridge Extension: Modification of the Kazanjian (Al-Mahdy Al-Belasy, 1997), Vestibule and floor-of-mouth extension procedures, Soft-tissue grafts (full thickness or connective) Although COHRANE stated that autologous is not in favour, this statement needs to be taken considered very carefulycarefully because the outcome does not measure all aspects in convensionalconventional terms of success. As stated before, a simple implants survival is no longer a single preferable outcome today. Cohrane agrees that there is littleare few randomized controlled trials and for most that are conducted today are at a high risk of bias remains. Further more, bone augmentation, such as synteticsynthetic bone materials, provide a poorer outcome rather thaen animal retrieved bone materials. However, because of culture cultural or religious reasons animal products may not be accepted for a certain groups of patient and therefore autologous bone grafts are then isremain a single oaption to augment the alveolar crest defects. AeEsthetics and harmony in dental implant placement was well described by Belser et al., 1998. Buccal bone thickness has toshould be a minimum of 2mm and ideally 3mm from the implant buccal surface. 1 [S1]Not sure about this. Does it relate to the heading i.e. ‘Saddle graft is Indicated where both horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ [S2]Please check I haven’t changed the meaning [S3]Are these page numbers? Should it be (Esposito, Hirsch, Lekholm, Thomsen, 1999 75,77, 102–111) [S4]Please check à ¯Ã‚ Ã…   [S5]Please check this one. I’ve read it many times and am a little confused à ¯Ã‚ Ã…